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A submarine of volume $V=6 \mathrm{m^3}$, with solid carbon fiber walls of negligible thickness and internal temperature $t=20 \mathrm{\C }$ was submerged to the depth $d=3 \mathrm{km}$. Suddenly, the walls ceased to hold and the submarine shrank. What is the temperature inside?

Assume that the submarine did not break, but only shrank (although we know from experience that this is not a realistic assumption), and that the passengers and the cargo put up only negligible resistance to the shrinking (this is a realistic assumption).

Measure the cryoscopic constant, the constant of proportionality between the melting point of a solution and its molality. Measure this constant for several solutions and verify Raoult's 3rd law, which states that the value of the constant does not depend on the solute, but only on the solvent.

How long would it take to heat the world's oceans to the boiling point? Consider different energy sources, however, only those that are available on Earth (solar radiation counts).

Little Jagr and his friends would like to go out to play ice hockey. However, it has only started freezing recently, so they don't know if the ice on the pond is already thick enough. Calculate how long it takes for a deep pond to freeze sufficiently; if you know that the water temperature is $0 \mathrm{\C }$ at the beginning, the air is kept at a constant $-10 \mathrm{\C }$ and the minimum ice thickness for safe skating is $10 \mathrm{cm}$. Neither the density of the water nor the ice formed changes with depth. The heat transfer between air and ice and water and ice is much faster than heat conduction in ice. You will need to look up the necessary thermal properties of ice.

1. Consider a thin-walled glass container of volume $V_1=100 \mathrm{ml}$, the neck of which is a thin and long vertical capillary with internal cross-section $S=0{,}20 \mathrm{cm^2}$, filled with water at temperature $t_1=25 \mathrm{\C }$ up to the bottom of the neck. Now submerge this container in a larger container filled with a volume $V_2=2{,}00 \mathrm{l}$ of olive oil at a temperature $t_2=80 \mathrm{\C }$. How much will the water in the capillary rise?
2. In a closed container with a volume of $11{,}0 \mathrm{l}$ there is a weak solution containing sodium hydroxide with $p\mathrm {H}=12{,}5$ and a volume of $1{,}0 \mathrm{l}$. In the region above the surface, we burn $100 \mathrm{mg}$ of powdered carbon. Determine the value of the pressure in the container a few seconds after burning out, after half an hour, and after one day. Before the experiment, the vessel contained air of standard composition at standard conditions; similarly, we maintain a standard temperature around the vessel in the laboratory.
3. Describe three different ways in which the temperature of stars can be determined. What are the basic physical principles they are based on, and what do we need to be careful of?

Danka has a humidifier in her dorm room, which evaporates water from its boiling point to create warm steam. The device can hold a maximum of $V = 3,8 \mathrm{l}$ of water, which it uses up in $t = 24 \mathrm{h}$. What is its efficiency, i.e., what fraction of the energy drawn from the electrical grid it uses to convert the water to steam? The input power of the humidifier is $P = 260 \mathrm{W}$, and Danka put water at $T_0 = 20 \mathrm{\C }$ inside. All the necessary properties of water can be looked up.

In the microworld of cells, there are two types of transport: transport by free diffusion, also known as Brownian motion where the motion uses the energy of the environment directly. The second type, so-called active transport, requires, among other things, a motor protein moving at a constant speed along the cytoskeletal filament. Consider the typical value of the diffusion constant $D \approx 10^{-9} cm^2.s^{-1}$ and the rate of active transport speed $u\approx 10^{-6} m.s^{-1}$. For which distances is the Brownian motion more time efficient than the active transport? Assume that the transport is happening in only one direction.

Attach a string at two points at a fixed distance $L$ and ensure it is always taut during measurement. Determine the dependence of the fundamental frequency of its oscillations on temperature.